Rare phylotypes in stone, stool, and urine microbiomes are associated with urinary stone disease

Introduction: In complex microbial communities, the importance of species at very low abundance levels and their prevalence for overall community structure function is increasingly being recognized. Clinical microbiome studies on urinary stone disease (USD) have indicated that both gut tract microbiota are associated with onset kidney stones them-selves harbor a complex, yet consistent viable, microbiome. However, how rare phylotypes contribute to this association remains unclear. Delineating contribution common important development bacteriotherapies promote urologic health. Methods: The objectives current report were conduct metaanalysis 16S rRNA datasets derived from stone, stool, urine samples participants or without disease. To delineate impact phylotypes, metaanalyses conducted by first separating taxa determined frequency amplicon sequence variants. Results: Consistent previous analyses, we found gut, upper urinary, lower microbiomes all unique. Rare comprised majority observed in sample types, exhibiting greatest bias toward rarity, followed stool. Both fractions contributed significantly differences between types health disparity. Furthermore, taxonomically unique across types. A total 222 320 stool be USD. co-occurrence correlation analysis revealed most stones, Discussion: Collectively, results indicate may pathophysiology USD, particularly matrix, which inherently biomass niche can implications diagnosis treatment stones. Further needed investigate functional significance pathogenesis.